3/14/2023 0 Comments Submarine dolphins 3d![]() The study, “ Slamming Dynamics of Diving and its Implications for Diving-Related Injuries” published July 27 in Science Advances. New research in biomechanics measures the impact of head-first, hand-first, and feet-first diving and the likelihood of injury at different diving heights, providing data-driven recommendations for safe diving. “Until January, it was thought that the main sources or mechanisms of tsunami generation, associated with a volcanic eruption, had to do with processes that happened right there in the volcano,” he says.Credit: Anupam Pandey, Jisoo Yuk, and Sunghwan Jung/Provided Carvajal admits that the power of the January 15 atmospheric shockwave was a surprise. These catastrophes have been hard to predict because they are rare. The tsunami it triggered left thousands of people injured or missing. Its descendant volcano, Anak Krakatau, also left a horrid wake when it erupted in December 2018. NOAA says it took five years for things to return to normal. The catastrophic 1883 eruption was Krakatau, which killed 36,000 people, destroyed hundreds of villages, and produced a thick blanket of ash and pumice that plunged the planet into darkness. “The last one that seems to be similar occurred in the 19th century, in 1883, in Indonesia.” “Volcanic tsunamis of this magnitude are very rare,” Carvajal tells Inverse. ![]() Eric Geist, USGSīut fortunately, something is faster than sound: the speed of light. Geological Survey officials write in a description. Far behind them, the ‘classic’ tsunami is produced by seafloor changes displacing a large volume of water during the eruption,” U.S. Together, the coupled and decoupled waves constitute a meteotsunami. The water wave grows bigger (amplification) over the deep Tonga Trench, then decouples from the atmospheric wave on the east side of the trench, creating a series of new, decoupled waves. ![]() “The fastest water wave to radiate away from the eruption is being pushed by an atmospheric wave triggered by the explosion. That’s a problem when the catalyst of these ominous crests is pressure blasting out at the speed of sound.Ī diagram of the tsunami waves produced by the 15 January 2022 eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Haʻapai volcano in the Kingdom of Tonga, showing the north-northeast. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) admits that these types of air-generated waves, called meteotsunami, are not very well understood. According to a model the U.S.Geological Survey (USGS) developed of how the waves spread northward from the volcano, there are roughly three types of waves: the first two are generated by the atmospheric blast and the last ones are the product of the eruption’s vibrations in the sea. The largest waves then followed this first one, and they were up to three meters high. “The Tonga tsunami was characterized by a uniformly small leading wave that arrived earlier than theoretically expected for a tsunami wave freely propagating away from the volcano,” Matías Carvajal, associate professor at the Institute for Geography at Pontifical Catholic University of Valparaíso in Chile, writes in a March 2022 study. Shinbori - who works at the Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research at Nagoya University in Japan - tells Inverse that, if his findings lead to a detection approach, “it may be possible to estimate the size of tsunami, such as height … several hours before it arrives.” The eruption’s puzzling waves In a new study published in the journal Earth, Planets and Space, atmospheric researcher Atsuki Shinbori explains how a vertical shockwave left an imprint on the ions floating more than 50 miles above Earth’s surface, and sent an early alert to some instruments in Japan ahead of the first tsunami wave triggered by the largest atmospheric explosion in human history. This explosion triggered an acoustic shockwave that spread across Earth, which produced a worrisome tsunami that traveled faster than those created more directly by the eruption. On January 15, the Kingdom of Tonga’s Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai volcano in the Pacific Ocean unleashed a violent eruption as potent as up to 18 megatons of TNT. A group of Japanese researchers has found this high-altitude signature may warn people several hours in advance about tsunamis barreling toward them. Volcanic eruptions displace air, land, and water in their wake, and according to a new study, they also tickle the atmosphere.
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